Spotlights on rapid noninvasive diagnostic approaches for pediatric tuberculosis.

Document Type : Review articles

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Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology Division, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of upmost infectious agents with a great impact on the global health services worldwide. Annually, millions of children; referred as under fifteen years of age; had TB. Pediatric TB represents about twelve percent of TB global burden and seventeen percent of all deaths by tubercle bacilli infection. Furthermore, in 2024, WHO reported that at least 30% of children with new and previously treated TB had rifampicin (RIF) resistant; that accounted the double incidence reported in 2016. Infected children act as reservoirs of M. tuberculosis from whom, it can spread. Therefore, without successful detection and effective treatment, elimination strategies will be difficult to be achieved. It is important to highlight pediatric TB to know how far we are. In Egypt, researchers predict a static or increasing level especially with increased population growth and obvious risk factors e.g overcrowding and immunodeficiency. In 2023, WHO TB country profile estimated that the total TB incidence in Egypt was about ten per one hundred thousand population with six percent were children. Therefore, the unique vulnerabilities and different clinical presentations make the early and highly sensitive diagnostic procedures in this age, one of the most important challenges.

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