The role of Human Papillomavirus and Surrogate Immune Markers in Urinary Bladder Cancer in Mansoura Urology and Nephrology Centre

Document Type : Review articles

Authors

1 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Urology and Nephrology Centre, Mansoura University

2 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mansoura University

3 Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University

Abstract

Bladder cancer ranks 13th globally in terms of cancer-related deaths and is the 10th most prevalent type of cancer overall. Smoking and urinary tract infections, such as schistosomiasis, are the most reported risk factors for bladder cancer. An association between infection either bacterial or viral with cancer was reported. Human papillomavirus (HPV), Herpes simplex virus, BK virus, Bovine leukemia virus and Human immunodeficiency virus are linked with cancer development. Viruses cause about 15–20% of all types of cancers, but 10 percent are due to HPV. HPV, is DNA virus, infects the cutaneous or mucosal epithelium and belongs to papillomaviruses family. Immune. Studies have shown that immune-related markers play an important role in the diagnosis, prognosis assessment and treatment of bladder cancer. In addition, the detection of immune-related markers can also be used to evaluate the efficacy of immunotherapy and predict the treatment response of patients.  HNPs 1–3 are subtypes of α-defensins, proteins that aid in the recruitment of leukocytes and might contribute to metastasis.

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