Role of Microbiome and Interleukin-22(IL-22) along with Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte Antigen-4 (CTLA-4) Polymorphism in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Alkinani, Ibrahim A.A.A; Al-Hamadani, Adnan H.A.

doi:10.21608/ejmm.2025.404310.1780

Role of Microbiome and Interleukin-22(IL-22) along with Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte Antigen-4 (CTLA-4) Polymorphism in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Document Type : New and original researches in the field of Microbiology.

Authors

Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, Al-Qadisiyah University, Iraq

10.21608/ejmm.2025.404310.1780

Abstract

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a condition initiated by the immune system itself; the condition involves the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas, this results in a lack of insulin and a constant requirement for it. In individuals with genetically predisposed traits, the development of the disease is affected by multiple components, including environmental and immunological components. Objective: This investigation intended to assess the value of interleukin-22(IL-22) as a marker for diagnosis and to identify the gut microbiome by studying the function of haptoglobin/zonulin as a precursor to diabetes. The CTLA-4 gene variants were evaluated using the PCR-RFLP method. Methodology: There were 150 participants, 75 of them were patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and 75 were healthy controls, and they ranged in the age from 10 to 35 years. For estimating haptoglobin/zonulin and IL-22 levels in the blood ELISA test was done. Results: The current study showed that the concentrations of haptoglobin/zonulin and interleukin-22(IL-22) were significantly greater in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus than in controls. The CTLA-4 genotype and allele frequency in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus was significantly different than that in healthy controls (p = 0.001). Conclusion: As a result, based on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, interleukin-22(IL-22) and haptoglobin/zonulin are considered to be promising immune indicators. Additionally, the CTLA-4+49 A/G (rs231775) polymorphism has a significant impact on patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Keywords